Electronic Publishing Marketing And Business Issues Essay

Electronic Publishing Marketing And Business Issues - Essay Example This essay stresses that for many years, academic libraries have seen an unprecedented increase in cost of journal subscriptions particularly in the science, technology, and medica publishing arena. Scholarly publishers and academic libraries are included in what is referred to as the â€Å"serial crisis†. The technological development added a new dimension to the crisis by providing both new solution and challenges. This report makes a conclusion that the marketplace for scholarly publishing has developed in a way that challenge libraries’ and publisher’s ability to acquire the works needed by their users. Rapidly rising journal subscription prices have made it difficult to purchase the publications necessary for research and education. Publishers of all types are exploring a range of new subscription models such as free online scholarly publishing, e-journals, hybrid paper-electronic journals, author posting to their own web sites, and self-archiving to institutional in response to the opportunities and challenges that have appeared. No one model has proven advantageous over the others. The future of scholarly publishers is hard to predict. Economic pressures and information technology progress lead to new look at the future for scholarly publishers. Developing effective, sustainable, quality and economically viable models is the key for successful future to scholarly publishers. It might be difficult to predict the future of electronic publishing, but it is possible to improve it.

Financial Institutions Lending Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Institutions Lending - Essay Example It is calculated by dividing total debts by total assets. A debt ratio of greater than1 indicates that a company has more debt than assets -a debt ratio of less than 1 indicates thata company has more assets than debt. Used in conjunction with other measures of financial health, the debt ratio can help investors determine a company's level of risk. A lending risk assessment ratio that financial institutions and others lenders examine before approving a mortgage.Typically,assessments with high LTV ratios are generally seen as higher risk and, therefore, if themortgage is accepted,the loanwill generally cost the borrower more to borrow or he or she will need to purchase mortgage insurance. A debt service measure that financial lenders use asa rule of thumbtogivea preliminaryassessment about whether a potentialborrower is already in too muchdebt.Receiving aratio ofless than30%means that the potential borrowerhas an acceptable level of debt. A general termdescribinga financialratio that compares some form of owner's equity (or capital) to borrowed funds. Gearing is a measure of financial leverage, demonstrating the degree to which a firm's activities are funded by owner's funds versus creditor's funds. The higher a company'sdegree of leverage, the more thecompany is considered risky. As for most ratios, an acceptable levelis determined by its comparisonto ratios ofcompanies in the same industry.The best known examples of gearing ratios include the debt-to-equity ratio (total debt / total equity), times interest earned (EBIT / total interest), equity ratio (equity / assets), and debt ratio (total debt / total assets). 5. Solvency Ratio One of many ratios used tomeasure a company's ability to meet long-term obligations. The solvency ratio measuresthe size ofa company's after-tax income, excluding non-cash depreciation expenses, as compared to the firm's total debt obligations. It provides a measurement of how likely a company will be to continue meeting its debt obligations. Thus, credit quality can best be evaluated by analyzing the probability of a company running out of both cash and profits at any given moment. To evaluate the possibility of a company running out of cash, lenders generally look at a cash budget for the firm. They evaluate various scenarios and try to determine how likely the ending cash balance will be negative, implying a need for outside funds that may not be forthcoming if the company is not profitable. The extent of the credit losses that then arise if a firm does run out of cash is a function of the collateral or seniority status of each debt, as well as the value of the total assets of the company in bankruptcy. Essentially, credit analysis can be simply conducted by comparing the company's average Times Interest Earned (TIE) ratio over the past few years to that of the cross-sectional average TIE of groups of firms with the same public credit rating, such as the same Moody's or S&P letter rating for which public data are available. Then set the company's starting credit rating equal to that which most closely matches the TIE of the firms with a given letter credit rating. Next, the trend in